Sanitary Pad Materials: Composition and Properties

# Sanitary Pad Materials: Composition and Properties

## Introduction to Sanitary Pad Materials

Sanitary pads are essential feminine hygiene products designed to absorb menstrual flow and provide comfort during periods. The materials used in their construction play a crucial role in determining their effectiveness, comfort, and safety. Modern sanitary pads combine various materials to achieve optimal absorption, dryness, and skin-friendliness.

## Core Absorbent Materials

Wood Pulp

The primary absorbent material in most sanitary pads is wood pulp, often referred to as “fluff pulp.” This material is highly absorbent and forms the core of the pad. Manufacturers typically use bleached softwood pulp for its excellent liquid retention properties.

Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP)

Many modern pads incorporate superabsorbent polymers (SAP) to enhance absorption capacity. These synthetic materials can absorb many times their weight in liquid, transforming it into a gel to prevent leakage. SAP allows for thinner pad designs while maintaining high absorption.

## Top Layer Materials

Nonwoven Fabric

The top layer that comes in contact with the skin is usually made from nonwoven fabric. This material is designed to be soft and comfortable while allowing menstrual fluid to pass through quickly to the absorbent core below. Common materials include polyethylene or polypropylene fibers.

Perforated Film

Some pads use a perforated plastic film as the top layer. While less breathable than nonwoven fabrics, this material provides a very dry surface feel and prevents fluid from flowing back to the skin.

## Backing Materials

Polyethylene Film

The back of most sanitary pads features a thin polyethylene film that prevents leaks. This waterproof layer keeps moisture from reaching clothing while being flexible enough for comfortable wear.

Breathable Backsheets

Premium pads may use microporous or breathable backsheets that allow some air circulation while still preventing leaks. These materials enhance comfort by reducing heat and moisture buildup.

## Additional Components

Adhesive Strips

Sanitary pads include pressure-sensitive adhesive strips to secure them to underwear. These are typically made from synthetic rubber or acrylic-based adhesives that provide strong attachment without damaging fabrics.

Wings and Side Barriers

Many pads feature side barriers or “wings” made from nonwoven materials that fold over the edges of underwear to provide extra protection against leaks.

## Material Properties and Considerations

When evaluating sanitary pad materials, several key properties are considered:

• Absorbency: Capacity to retain fluid without leakage
• Dryness: Ability to keep the surface feeling dry
• Breathability: Air circulation to reduce moisture buildup
• Softness: Comfort against sensitive skin
• Hypoallergenic: Minimizing potential for irritation

## Environmental Considerations

With growing environmental awareness, manufacturers are developing more sustainable sanitary pad materials. These include:

• Organic cotton topsheets
• Biodegradable wood pulp cores
• Plant-based plastics for backsheets
• Chlorine-free bleaching processes

Understanding the materials in sanitary pads helps consumers make informed choices based on their needs for comfort, protection, and environmental impact.